Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the major component of phenolics in apple. but mechanisms involved in PA biosynthesis remain unclear. Here. the relationship between the PA biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) was investigated in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crabapples. https://allfixelectricales.shop/product-category/toggle-switch/